Character Is Destiny Essay - 1067 Words

Character is destiny. Heraclitus, Greek philosopher (c. 540-c. 475 B.C.) This famous quote has birthed many ideas and philosophies about life and our final destination. Similarly, in Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge, issues about life, character, fate and destiny are explored. Ironically, the quote about character being our destiny is being challenged and questioned over and over again in the context of this tragic novel. Indeed, Henchard is a victim of his own delusions. He has falsely believed and is being psychotically driven to accept a misconception about who he truly is. Constituting to his lifes outcome was because of his daunting past that was caused by his own foolishness in his moment of weakness. Should that†¦show more content†¦His earnest and sincere desire to right these past wrongs and his awakening that he deserves to suffer for them, accounts for his suffering as much as any malignant force of the universe. Could this possibly be the reason why he was fated for such turn of events in his life? Or did his perception mislead him into thinking that he would pay the heavy price for his unseemly actions of the past? Perhaps, if Henchard had not been possessed by the devastating delusion of his mind, he would not have to suffer for a series of unfortunate events following by his state of disrepute. There is, however an important document in this novel that depicts the true Henchard personality and somewhat a form of surrealism in expressing what is hidden in his mind and the core of his soul. Many familiar traits of Henchard are reflected in his will both explicitly and implicitly as well. MICHAEL HENCHARDS WILL That Elizabeth-Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, or made to grieve on account of me. that I be not buryd in consecrated ground. that no sexton be asked to toll the bell. that nobody is wished to see my dead body. that no murners walk behind me at my funeral. that no flours be planted on myShow MoreRelatedCharacter Is Destiny2530 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Character is Destiny† is a phrase associated with Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher of the 6th century BC who is recognized as one of the most significant philosophers before Socrates and Plato. Unfortunately, very little is known about his life other than what can be gathered from his own statements. Heraclitus lived in Ephesus, an important city on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, not far from Miletus, the birthplace of philosophy. Ancient biographies of him consist of nothing more than inferencesRead MoreThe Sword Of Destiny Character Analysis1585 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Sword of Destiny† by Andrej Sapkowski is a fantasy book about a monster hunter a.k.a. â€Å"Witcher†, which pursuits the love of his life, a sorceress. Seen as a monster and an abomination of nature, Geralt, â€Å"the Witcher†, deals in the same time with his destiny confrontation, and with racism. Even if the book uses a fantasy setting the theme of racism deals with real life problems, like the perception of the mases on minorities. On the other hand, â€Å"To Kill a Mocking Bird† by Harper Lee takes a moreRead More The Strong Character and Unavoidable Destiny of Oedipus Rex Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strong Character and Unavoidable Destiny of Oedipus Rex    Oedipus the King, by Sophocles is about Oedipus, a man doomed by his fate. Like most tragedies, Oedipus the King contains a tragic hero, a heroic figure unable to escape his own doom. This tragic hero usually has a hamartia, a tragic flaw, which causes his downfall. The tragic flaw that Sophocles gives Oedipus is hubris (exaggerated pride or self-confidence), which is what caused Oedipus to walk right into the fate he sought toRead MoreEssay about Characters vs. Destiny in As You Like It1956 Words   |  8 Pagesagain, and is still being argued over time and time again. Whether the author knew it or not, Shakespeare explored this question in his play As You Like It through the characters of the play. Characters who, like so many of his others, display typical human natures. Shakepeare seems to have captured a spirit in all of his characters that is so true to life that almost anyone can relate in some way or another. Shakespeare is a writer who seems to so easily capture the true nature of people. OfRead MoreThe Taken King, And Rise Of Destiny : The Development Of The Game1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Destiny 2 beta begins in 7 days. It starts July 18, 2017 on a Tuesday. Its 184 hours away, or 11,040 minutes, or 662,400 seconds away. I am hyped for this if you cannot tell. The reason for this restlessness is because on July 17th, 2014, when the first Destiny beta released I was reassured that it would become maybe my favorite fps of all time. With the release of the full game in September 7, 2014 it became a top 3 Fps for me to play. But, I always felt like there could be more. I always feltRead MoreForrest Gump Analysis Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesGump, the concept of destiny is viewed by the characters in various different ways. Lieutenant Dan believes in predetermined destiny, Jenny spends her entire life trying to take control of her destiny, and Forrest simply takes life one step at a time, believing that destiny is about the journey. Although each character is faced with poor circumstances, Forrest’s view about destiny leads him through the best life compared to the others. Early in the film, Jenny Curran’s character experiences horrifyingRead More Human Destiny and Chance in Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge1228 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Destiny and Chance in Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge Present readers might perceive that Thomas Hardys viewpoint in the novel The Mayor of Casterbridge is severe and depressing. However, most people adored Hardy during his living years. In an era when the Industrial Revolution was bringing dramatic and sometimes disturbing changes to England, he celebrated the nations roots in its rustic past. In an era when new ideas like Darwins theory of evolution challenged long establishedRead MoreRun Lola Run and Related Texts.1339 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinctive experiences, Evaluating the idea that visual images give us distinct experiences and how certain experiences can change our destiny. I will discuss this question using my chosen theme that is destiny, In Tom Tyker’s Run Lola Run and my related text Charlie Kaulfmans and Michael Gondrys Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind. Tom Tyker uses the theme of destiny to show how interaction between individuals can create a distinctive experience. Read MoreFate And Fate1431 Words   |  6 Pagesof the central characters are compelled to challenge. In Homer s Iliad, fate constantly appears to be hiding around the bend, sitting tight for its next prey to meet his or her predetermined course, which is at last demise. Indeed, still the divine beings are unfit to halt or mediate over the span of fate. However, in spite of the calamity and anguish that fate serves, it also appears that free will in the Iliad is not obsolete. Choices are carried out, when confronted with destiny, and despite theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Antigone By Sophocles1182 Words   |  5 Pagestragedies. As for the characters in Antigone, their fates end up being unavoidable, whether it is due to the reason that they refused to accept it until it was very late, or they accepted the fate and permitte d it to come to pass. The character’s lives possess set conclusions, and there exits some clues on what these conclusions shall be, and when they shall happen. The characters are frequently capable of knowing their fate and reacting to it. At certain periods, characters accept their fate since

Beyond The Yuri s Life Essay - 1389 Words

Beyond the Yuri’s life in activism, equally important in understanding her lifelong creed is her enriching personal life. In many instances, Yuri would depict the intimate interactions shared between family members during the movement including raising her children, holidays, events that they celebrated, and their relationships with other people. After her marriage with Bill, Yuri would open up her house to events, gatherings and for people in need of shelter, housing over 1000 people during her lifetime. She considers all of those people her extended family who collectively taught the her the importance of generosity and cooperation, and individually provided her with different learning experiences. Yuri’s personal life also consisted of many tragedies including the deaths of her two oldest children, Billy and Aichi, her husband Bill, and the suicidal thoughts she suffered with her declining health. With each moment of grief, Yuri eloquently and sincerely conveys the sorrow she felt by glorifying how each one of them embellished not only her life, but the lives of many others who grieved with her following her children and her husband’s deaths. Yuri’s tragedies may have left her in extreme agony, but they each gave her another reason to live and impact the lives of many others. Throughout her life, Yuri had experienced immense growth and momentous shifts that changed her political and social beliefs. Despite these changes, one thing has remained consistent that representsShow MoreRelatedThe Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for the scientific search for intelligent extraterrestrial life. After Copernicus, Darwin, and Einstein, another incredible revolution in thinking about our place in the universe is taking place, there have been many earlier searches for extraterrestrial intelligence within the Solar System, in accordance with the information obtained in the sources cited in the Reference section. First of all, in 1896, Nikola Tesla suggestedRead MoreCourtney Hunt s Frozen River, And Edwidge Danticat s The Dew Breaker1584 Words   |  7 Pagesrandom passerby is living a life as vivid and complex as your own—populated with their own ambitions, friends, routines, worries and inherited craziness†. It’s a difficult and complicated term to use, as most people have differing interpretations of it; in my opinion, when you gain sonder you gain perspective and empathy into the lives of everyone around you, and learn what makes them the way they are. Everyone has this moment of realization at some point in their life, but few people ever give sonderRead MoreSpace Is The Final Frontier1454 Words   |  6 Pages even more so, the idea of exploring it. While Space is the final frontier, exploration might be harder than humans have ever expected. Exhausting our intelligence and resources on our expansion in space, could have a profound effect on our way of life. For ex ample, if you used a nuclear fusion rocket to launch a regular sized space shuttle to the nearest star you would need about a thousand super tankers full of Nuclear Fusion engines to get it to the nearest star in 800 years. At this point inRead MoreSpace Travel : President John F. Kennedy1168 Words   |  5 Pagessent to the moon and beyond. Astronauts were bashed with primitive flight tests to help create training programs. America can even give the Russian space program credit for making the space program what it is today. They provided resources to our engineers and likely the most important they were america s competition. The Russian space program was years ahead of the Americans with their launch of sputnik an unmanned satellite in 1957, and their orbits and space walks, Yuri Gargarin was the firstRead MoreNas Space Exploration Paper 111460 Words   |  6 Pagesthe earth for 21 days (M​intz)​. The USA tried to launch a satellite as well and failed. They event ually were able to launch their first satellite, Explorer 1, four months later. The USSR launched the first manned spaceship into orbit in 1961, with Yuri Gagarin, and five years later they were the first to land an unmanned vehicle on the moon. America felt vulnerable because they had always thought of themselves as ahead in technology so JFK made the announcement that they would be the first to landRead MoreAmerica Should Spend More on Space Exploration Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagescutting federal funding for space exploration and NASA towards the end of the year. The â€Å"Space Race† began in the 1950’s and 1960’s when Russia sent up the first successful, unmanned satellite named Sputnik in into outer space. The U.S. response was the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. During this time, the Soviets sent the first man in to orbit, Yuri Gagarin. Then, in July of 1969, the U.S. took the lead in the race by sending the first men to the moon on Apollo 11(â€Å"SpaceRead MoreMayan And Mayan Writing System1067 Words   |  5 PagesMayan culture and civilization are said to be far beyond their time by their complex writing and numerical system. In the pre-Columbian America, the Mayan writing system is said to be the â€Å"only† true writing system within the Americas. By examining the environment the Maya had lived, we are able to look at the how the Maya used their writing system and it also further reflects the Maya’s surroundings. The Mayan civilization had flourished throughout the Yucatan peninsula in Central America. TheyRead MoreExploration Of The Cosmos Shakes2760 Words   |  12 PagesSpace - that s all there is that ever was and ever will be. One contemplation of the cosmos shakes: shiver runs down the back, catches the throat, and there is a feeling weak, like a vague memory, if you fall from a height. We recognize that touch the greatest of mysteries. But the development of something unknown at the time held a sufficient amount of time. And this long journey that opens the way for us to perfect contemplation of the cosmos and its component parts, is really considered one ofRead MoreSpace Exploration Of The Cosmos Shakes2804 Words   |  12 PagesMysterious Space Space - that s all there is that ever was and ever will be. One contemplation of the cosmos shakes: shiver runs down the back, catches the throat, and there is a feeling weak, like a vague memory, if you fall from a height. We recognize that touch the greatest of mysteries. But the development of something unknown at the time held a sufficient amount of time. And this long journey that opens the way for us to perfect contemplation of the cosmos and its component parts, is reallyRead MoreExplanation And Prediction Of The Human Sciences And Natural Sciences Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesexplanation of a theory will favour a promising prediction. In the like manner Aristotle wrote that â€Å" in eclipses the outline is always curved†¦. since it is the interposition of the earth that makes the eclipse, this will be caused by the form of the earth s surface†. Being able to explain that he saw the curved shape of the earth during a solar eclipse, led him to suggest that the e arth wasn’t actually flat. Perhaps without his explanation of the events during a solar eclipse, noticing the flaw within the

A Failure to Communicate Long Term Care for the Baby Boomers Free Essays

The Government is taking the home Mary and Marshall Brandenburg worked for all their lives.   Mary and Marshall poured all of their assets into realizing the American dream of home ownership.   Now they are among the thousands of seniors who are having that dream extinguished by the estate recovery provision of Medicaid. We will write a custom essay sample on A Failure to Communicate: Long Term Care for the Baby Boomers or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Mary has lived in a nursing home since 2001. When she dies, Georgia will collect the cost of her long-term care from her estate, wiping out any inheritance for her family.   Like Mary and Marshall, most Americans think the money taken out of their paychecks every week for Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid will cover their long-term care.   This is simply not true. This paper explores the misconception held by a significant number of people that Government programs will pay for long-term care.   This paper also discusses the way Congress altered the role of Medicaid through passage of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005.   The policy changes of the DAR substantially affect estate planning and increase the need for long-term care insurance. Also included is a discussion of provisions a long-term insurance policy should include.   The two main delivery methods of long-term care insurance are through a private carrier or a state sponsored Long-Term Care Partnership Program.   The paper concludes by recommending nationwide implementation of the Long-Term Care Partnership Program. II. ITS REALITY TIME FOR THE BABY BOOMERS! Americans are living longer than ever and the first members of the Baby Boom Generation will reach 65 in four more years.   Many of them are or have been caregivers for their parents.   The reality of old age is now staring them directly in the face. As one recent blogger lamented: â€Å"I was cleaning the bathroom yesterday, wiping down the mirror, when it happened.   It stopped me in my tracks, mid-swipe, and I couldn’t believe my eyes.   I blinked hard, took another look, but there was no denying the truth.   I have become my mother.† A. Just Who Are These â€Å"Boomers† Anyway? The U. S. Census Bureau defines Baby Boomers as the 78 million Americans born between 1946 and 1964.   They comprise approximately 30% of the total population and are more numerous than any other generation.   Boomers transformed America into what is now the wealthiest and strongest nation on the planet. Along the way, they also transformed our culture.   Boomers are the driving force behind the emphasis on individual rights, from civil rights to gay rights.   They started out by challenging authority but now control almost every major institution. Now they are facing retirement but the majority of them have not considered any type of estate planning.   According to a recent study, 60% of Americans between the ages of 21 and 64 have neither an IRA nor a 401(k).   According to Cheryl Russell, a well-known demographer, most Boomers â€Å"haven’t faced retirement planning yet, but when they do, it will come as a shock.† B.   Their Need for Long Term Care Americans are living longer than ever.   At birth, a Boomer could expect to live to the age of seventy.   Now Americans reaching 65 have a life expectancy of 20 more years.   This trend of more of us getting older and living longer will continue.   Individuals that are age 85 and older are the fastest growing demographic of our population. At age fifty, there is a 20% chance of needing long-term care within the next year.   At age 65, there is a 44% lifetime risk of entering a nursing home.   The trend is clear, more and more of us will need long-term care. What is Long-Term Care? Long-term care encompasses a broad range of services needed by people who are unable to care for themselves because of illness, disability or aging.   Long-term care is the assistance needed to perform the essential activities of daily living (ADLs).   Individuals may receive this assistance at home, in an assisted living facility, adult day care center or skilled nursing home. The term, activities of daily living, means activities that people generally do by themselves on a daily basis.   These are dressing, bathing, transferring (getting into and out of bed or a chair), walking, eating and toileting/continence.   Medicaid eligibility or payments from a long-term care insurance policy usually require the person be unable to perform two or more of the ADLs. However, long-term care encompasses more than just meeting the chronic health care needs of an individual. Maintaining your quality of life and lifestyle preferences are also important components.   Providing assistance in a traditional facility is usually more efficient and cheaper than assistance provided at home. Yet most people prefer to remain in their home and maintain control in the determining their daily activities.   Whether this is possible depends on the individual’s financial situation and the availability of support from the family or community. How to cite A Failure to Communicate: Long Term Care for the Baby Boomers, Papers

Empowerment and Union Workplace Delegates

Question: Discuss about the Empowerment and Union Workplace Delegates. Answer: Introduction The report relies on human resource within an organization. It discusses proposals and furthermore applies with the help of a determining examination of the case study Constructive Relation at top trucking company. The HR management helps building relationship by taking care of each advantages and channelizing them towards a positive gainful heading. The project evaluates the decisive of organizations HR management is exceptionally challenging. It explains the theories, practices and models associated by those who are testing the situation. The report discusses and explores overview obtained from the journals. The logical investigation reviews and moreover analyzes each of the issues for the organizations HR. It will highlight the advancing practices in workplace that are been combined by the organization for achieving most outrageous benefit and what's more significance coordination inside the boss. The paper furthermore discusses the adaptability and the affirmation of union for th e appointed new manager when they stand up to alterations in workplace culture. Role of Management- Human Resources The procedures of human resource management used by renowned companies are imperative resources. In human resource organization, human capital as well as sources circulated for the predefined required zone are been administered with care. The case study on trucking association recommended that management of HR is in a phase of transition (Armstrong Taylor, 2017). They yard of Wollongong is champion among the most surely understood and a scope of prevalent laborer in the definitive region. Wollongong yard is in charge of one of the hardest manager of the affiliation. This specific yard inside the region was been recognized extremely and supporter for the yard's execution goes to the region's union delegate George Paros. The union delegate has witness the time of move and has given a conclusive support to organization and workers of union. Regardless, the association is a supposed one however working condition is troublesome as the directors and managers are administering and dominati ng. The unwillingness of organization to give obliged store to make systems of the association finally drove by to expect control liabilities of association by an assumed transport accumulate. The old organization cluster made the association to face more bother and furthermore challenges as the perspective of administrators were requesting and they were not set up to nurture any illustrative point of view (Marchington, 2015). Drivers were set up to change which realized reducing the support of organization and passing on changes to the dedication. At the point when the new organization came into organization they joined distinctive moves in model and practices of workplace in affiliations. Harvard Systems is been presented by trucking organization in the association. The proposed show expresses that line administrators are required to accomplish more works having liabilities and in addition an obligation regarding guaranteeing individual polices and methodologies are synchronized. This synchronized system will give more upper hands to the association. The model recommends that the detailed approaches ought to represent the individual exercises improvement and adjust them to targets of association (Buller Mcevoy, 2016). The model focuses on representatives, shareholders and clients as they are the huge partners of the association. There are four primary arrangements that are been made by the system of Harvard, to be specific they are enlistment, determination, evaluation, advancement and end feature of workers. The impact of workers manages duty and in addition specialist gave to them. The work framework for the most part screens the outlining and in addition work proc ess administration inside the representatives. It starts compensating framework for the representatives as it will spur them to perform abnormal state of work. Models Application Adapting Harvard Structure Model by the administration helped the laborers to be at the prime concentration of association. The other embraced practices of working environment helped the association in making gainful condition (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). The greatest difficulties existed for the specialists are the commanding and requesting character of line chief. The system fuses new changes that are expressed as takes after: New Line Manager Selection: The administration delegated another supervisor who has the learning of the past clash in the middle of the union and old line director. The new chief is receptive and he is constantly prepared to welcome creative thoughts. He additionally takes care of the view purpose of the laborers. The determination of line director was finished by considering the capacity of dealing with the laborers, union individuals and delegate of union Mr. George who is an old specialist of association. He favored having open compelling correspondence with the drivers for explaining their issues. The new line administrator normally investigates issues and in addition assigning duties relying upon capacities. Changes in Infrastructure: New administration subsequent to surpassing the obligations from old administration was occupied with contributing asset for enhancing the foundations of association by purchasing new trucks so that the inventory network administration stays compelling (Commons, Grossberg Staddon, 2016). The noteworthy issue highlighted by driver was the old trucks those are in operation and was not been changed by the old administration. Other than that the organization began burning through cash by purchasing trucks for the drivers. They contributed cash for purchasing the PC framework required for successful administration of stockroom (Chen Vickerman, 2017). Development as well as training: As the specialists, drivers and the union delegate are working in the association for a drawn out stretch of time accordingly, it is noteworthy to test the ability and additionally enhance their aptitudes and additionally information for the new framework that has been actualized. The recently selected supervisor subsequently started the program for improvement and in addition preparing for the drivers and the laborers (Storey, 2014). Risk for the Changes- Movement of Manager and Union Delegate A critical perspective Human Resource Advancement is to deal with the move towards another association or to an imaginative larger amount of a similar association. This development might be a noteworthy piece of development of the profession for the representatives. For this situation think about chiefs and additionally the delegate of union Mr. George plays a fundamental asset for association. The recently supervisor designated has a testing part which he accomplished it and George who was excessively old, making it impossible to the framework having no advancements in the previous years are imperative for the company (Chesbrough, 2013). Therefore, if the association looses any of the assets it will impressively hamper their efficiency. The dangers related with such a choice are under expressed: Task will remain incomplete: Both manager as well as George are critical assets for the truck organization along these lines the development of any of them from the organization will bring about presence of danger of errand being deficient as composed and arranged by chief and George. They two have settled inside the framework and development of them from the association will bring about aggravation of the activity arrange. Insecurity: The recently designated manager has conveyed his execution splendidly and won confidences of laborers (Block, 2016). On his movement from the company insecurity as well as instability could affect the workers with respect to smooth stream of operations. Reduction in confidence: workers as well as union of labor have high certainty on the union delegate. The development of the union delegate will make issue and those issues won't be legitimately conveyed on time through a fitting channel (Van Eemeren Grootendorst, 2016). Communication become unbiased: Recently named line manager share all data of the execution with respect to the yards to the drivers. This was an inventive idea and the coordination is more noteworthy among directors and workers (Peetz Alexander, 2013). Blue Collar Union As per the writing of HR administration the vehicle laborers are especially versatile to the adjustments in work environment contrast with people in general segment. Blue shading union is by and large for the specialist's unions who are drivers; terminate contenders and laborers in shop floor (Andersen et al., 2016). The specialists in this field get incredible support from the union contrasted with the general population who are working in private part and in addition administrations. Workers demonstrated as blue collar have ability with manual aptitudes however having low proficiency rate with low information in scholastic abilities. The wages paid to them depends on hourly, week by week or every day relying upon the structures of work. They are excessively close and in addition worry on the union then the association administration. The requests for these specialists in market are higher as this sorts of occupation needs work and additionally manual laborer contrasted with the administration area. It is additionally been seen that blue shading union specialist are paid significantly higher than office. Blue collar laborer are been enlisted just for the creation specialist and has less cooperation with administration. The blue color union specialists basically pick the union delegates. The union delegate arranges and speaks with the administration in regards to any issues of specialists. Representatives who are working out in the open and administration part are been arranged as the talented laborers as they have higher scholastic learning and encounters in expert fields. The remuneration and also assigned employment part to them is been bolstered by their expert degrees. These kinds of representatives do not get any support from union and interest in union participation is missing for them. These representatives have same perspectives and additionally worthiness level for the adjustments in work environments. Representatives working in broad daylight and in addition benefit division are nearer to the administration and settle on exercises like basic leadership contrasted with the workers working in transport area. Considering the administration of transport union they have huge expert that brings imperative changes for the organization of truck. The progressions are made with help of conference from line chief and additionally understanding from larger part union sp ecialist that has leased space for arrangement (Form, 2015). Representatives working in the general population and additionally benefit area are centered around arrangement of settling on choice. So the laborers of transport part can adjust more rapidly than the general population segment. Conclusion The above report is made on connection of top trucking organization. The evaluation of adjustment of new administration is performed. Harvard system model is been portrayed by starting many changes inside the work environment of the association. The organization began supplanting chief, outfits, PC frameworks and correspondence channel. The new administration additionally instructed the laborers and concentrated on the jumpers as well. Basic examination has additionally been performed on the development of George and recently designated director. The report was closed by laying knowledge on the versatility to changes made by administration by the laborer of transport division. The understanding was made on the premise of hands on laborer in respects of ability, wages, support of the union and learning. References List Andersen, L. L., Fallentin, N., Thorsen, S. V., Holtermann, A. (2016). Physical workload and risk of long-term sickness absence in the general working population and among blue-collar workers: prospective cohort study with register follow-up.Occupational and environmental medicine,73(4), 246-253. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2017).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Block, P. (2016).The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2016). A Model for Implementing a Sustainability Strategy through HRM Practices.Business and Society Review,121(4), 465-495. Chen, C. L., Vickerman, R. (2017). Can transport infrastructure change regions economic fortunes? Some evidence from Europe and China.Regional Studies,51(1), 144-160. Chesbrough, H. (2013).Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Commons, M. L., Grossberg, S., Staddon, J. (Eds.). (2016).Neural network models of conditioning and action. Routledge. Form, W. H. (2015).Blue-collar stratification: Autoworkers in four countries. Princeton University Press. Le Capitaine, C., Murray, G., Lvesque, C. (2013). Empowerment and union workplace delegates: a gendered analysis.Industrial Relations Journal,44(4), 389-408. Marchington, M. (2015). Human resource management (HRM): Too busy looking up to see where it is going longer term?.Human Resource Management Review,25(2), 176-187. Peetz, D., Alexander, M. (2013). A synthesis of research on training of union delegates.Industrial Relations Journal,44(4), 425-442. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Storey, J. (2014).New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Van Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R. (2016).Argumentation, communication, and fallacies: A pragma-dialectical perspective. Routledge.

Organizational Culture and Managerial Decisions

Introduction Culture refers to beliefs, values, and code of behavior upheld by a community that distinguishes that community from other communities. Organizational culture therefore refers to values, norms, principles, assumptions and patterns of behavior that distinguish one organization from another one.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Organizational Culture on Managerial Decisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding different cultures and their influence on business performance is very important. Management on the other hand refers to the process of managing people in order to accomplish set goals and objectives using available resources in an efficient and effective manner. Management tasks involve planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling (Connolly, 2008). This essay explains the effects of organizational culture on managerial decisions and how culture can influ ence managers to make decisions. Effects of Organization Culture on Managerial Decision The effect that organizational culture has on managerial decisions depends on whether the organization has a strong or a weak culture. Organizational culture determines the decision making process as well as decision making speed. Some cultures permit all employees to participate in the decision making process. Other cultures only allow the management to make decisions. Those organizations that allow all employees to participate in decision making process, might take long to make decisions due to the lengthy process. However, such decisions are likely to be effective since they incorporate different ideas from different people (Connolly, 2008). Organizational culture determines the kind of employees that an organization will hire. The culture that exists determines who should be hired by the organization. Clear guidelines are written down to specify qualifications required for a specific job. Goo d criteria exist for recruitment, selection, promotion, lying off as well as retirement. In this case, the management has to comply with the criteria (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the level of formalization. Formalization in this case means the extent to which written rules and procedures are followed in an organization. Organizational cultures with high degree of formalization make it easy for management to regulate. This is because there is a clear outline of how one is expected to carry himself/herself out, and so the employees strictly follow rules (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the level of empowerment in an organization. Some cultures allow the low level employees to make decisions on their own whenever necessary as long as the decisions are in line with the set goals and objectives of the organization. This means that, the top management is not the only authority allowed to make decisions but also other lower level employees. However, these decisions have to be approved by the top management (Robbins, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational culture may hinder change. A culture that is too rigid may hinder effective implementation of change. This is because employees may not be willing to incorporate new changes due to fears of, for instance, loosing their jobs. This means that the efforts of the top management to implement changes might not be effective (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the kind of relationship that exists within an organization. When there is good relationship between low level employees and top management or between employees in different departments, then the working place is freed of unnecessary tension creating a good and productive working place in the organization. As a result, the top management decisions will always consider the low level e mployees and consequently there will be motivation and loyalty of all employees in the organization. This means that everyone will work hard towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Influence of Organizational culture on Decision Making Organizational culture may give a manager more room for authoritative style of leadership. A culture that only allows the top management to make decisions will give room for authoritative leadership. This is because it is only the managers who make decisions and so the opinion of other low level employees may not be taken into consideration. The low level employees will have to obey the orders from top management without questioning. This may not be favorable at all. Organizational culture can also influence managers to be role models. In cultures where leaders walk their talk, managers always strive to maintain good conducts. They will reinforce the desired values by the way they act or behave (National Defense University, n.d .). Organizational culture can empower the manager to reward those who excel and punish those who disobey the set rules and regulations of an organization. When a certain culture gives criteria on the behaviors that should be awarded as well as behaviors that should be punished, it becomes an empowerment for the manager to take the right action in accordance with the criteria (National Defense University, n.d.). Conclusion Organizational culture has a big influence on managerial decisions as the culture determines the success of decisions made and their effectiveness. It is therefore important for managers who make everyday decision to understand the culture of an organization and see if the culture helps the organization to achieve its goal. The management should also create a better working environment to enable a good culture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Organizational Culture on Managerial Decisions specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Connolly, C. (2008). Organizational Culture. Nei Associates. Retrieved from: http://neiassociates.org/ National Defense University. (n.d.). Strategic leadership and decision making: organizational culture. Air University. Retrieved from: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.html#top Robbins, S. (2003). Organizational behavior: organizational culture. Slide Share. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/itsvineeth209/ch18-organizational-culture This research paper on Effects of Organizational Culture on Managerial Decisions was written and submitted by user Donte T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Convert Celcius to Farenheit (°C to °F)

How to Convert Celcius to Farenheit ( °C to  °F) Youre looking to convert Celcius to Fahrenheit. While youll give your answer in  °C to  °F, you should know the temperature scales are Celsius and Fahrenheit. It doesnt matter for your final answer, but if youre ever expected to spell out the names, its good to know. The conversion is really easy: Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula Multiply the  °C temperature by 1.8. Add 32 to this number. This the answer in  °F.   Ã‚ °F   ( °C Ãâ€"  9/5) 32 Its just as easy to convert Fahrenheit to Celcius;  °C   ( °F − 32) x  5/9 Example  °C  to  °F Conversion For example, to convert 26 °C to  Ã‚ °F (the temperature of a warm day):   Ã‚ °F   ( °C Ãâ€"  9/5) 32   Ã‚ °F   (26 Ãâ€"  9/5) 32  °F   (46.8) 32  °F   78.8 ° F Table of  °C  and  Ã‚ °F Temperature Conversions Sometimes its good to just look up important temperatures, like body temperature, the freezing point and boiling point of water, etc. Here are some common important temperatures, in both Celsius (the metric scale) and Fahrenheit (the US temperature scale):  °C  °F Description -40 -40 This is where Celsius equals Fahrenheit. It's the temperature of an extremely cold day. −18 0 An average cold winter day. 0 32 The freezing point of water. 10 50 A cool day. 21 70 A typical room temperature. 30 86 A hot day. 37 98.6 Body temperature. 40 104 Bath water temperature. 100 212 Boiling point of water at sea level. 180 356 Baking temperature in an oven. Bold temperatures are exact values. Other temperatures are close but rounded to the nearest degree. Key Points Celsius and Fahrenheit are two important temperature scales that are commonly misspelled as Celcius and Farenheit.The formula to find a Celsius temperature from Fahrenheit is:  Ã‚  Ã‚ °F   ( °C  Ãƒâ€"  9/5) 32The formula to find a Fahrenheit temperature from Celsius is:  Ã‚  Ã‚ °F   ( °C Ãâ€"  9/5) 32The two temperature scales are equal at -40 °.

The Evolution Of Primate Locomotion And Body Configuration Essay

The Evolution Of Primate Locomotion And Body Configuration - Essay Example In 1956, while searching through a collection of fossils at the American Museum of Natural History, I came across a small piece of forehead bone, identified as a "possible primate," that had lain neglected for half a century. It had been recovered from the Fayum badlands, sixty miles southwest of Cairo, Egypt, by an amateur collector named Richard Markgraf. The rock in which it was found was known to belong to the geological epoch we call the Oligocene (now estimated to have lasted from 34 to 23 million years ago). Although only the size of a quarter, the fossil displayed two defining characteristics of the Anthropoidea, or higher primates--the large evolutionary group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans. I could tell that the right and left frontal (forehead) bones in this small animal were fused along the midline suture into a single bone, as is the case in all the higher primates. And on the right side, just enough of the rim of the eye socket was preserved for me to establish that it was fully enclosed in the back by bony plates (the eyeballs of more primitive primates are normally encircled by just a thin bar of bone). Neither feature had been previously documented in so old a fossil. Better late than never, the small piece of bone joined a short list of other fossils discovered in the Fayum between 1906 and 1910 that also appeared to belong to higher primates. The best of the other fossils--both nearly complete mandibles--belonged to two small species named Parapithecus fraasi and Propliopithecus haeckeli. Both have lower molars with anthropoidean features--in particular, they are broad and flat and have five cusps. (Miyamoto 197-220) In addition, Propliopithecus has the same number of the different types of teeth as other Old World anthropoideans, and the two sides of the lower jaw are solidly fused together in the front, another important characteristic of higher primates. My interest sparked by these tantalizing finds, I began doing fieldwork in the Fayum more than thirty years ago. Since then, my teams and I have succeeded in gathering hundreds of additional primate fossils, documenting the presence of eleven primate species in Oligocene deposits that are 30 to 33 million years old. The largest of these species, a close relative of Propliopithecus, is Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, a cat-size creature that appears to stand at or near the base of the family tree of the Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. We have collected several skulls and faces of Aegyptopithecus, as well as many bones from the rest of its skeleton (see "Dawn Ape of the Fayum," Natural History, May 1984). Many of the eleven Oligocene species have anthropoidean features, including the fused frontal bone, enclosed eye socket, lower jaws that are solidly fused together in the front, and the broadened and flattened lower molars with five principal cusps. In certain details, the upper molars also resemble those of more recent higher primates. Another anthropoidean characteristic is the manner in which the bony ring encircling the eardrum lines the auditory opening at the side of the skull. The eleven species are diverse in many respects, however. By 1985, I had accumulated enough evidence to say that they fell into several different taxonomic families or subfamilies. Given that so much diversity had evolved, I had to conclude that the common ancestor of all the higher primates must go back a long way in Africa. This was only the beginning, however, for in 1983 a Fayum site called Locality 41 had been discovered. Its exposed deposits came from a much deeper layer than those of

Policy-making in the Federal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy-making in the Federal System - Essay Example The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, popularly known as Obamacare, was signed into law by President Obama in March 23, 2010 and is considered to be a major overhaul in the U.S healthcare since 1965. This paper explores how Obamacare works, the program’s pros and cons, if it is achieving its objectives and federalism issues raised by the program. Summary of the History of Obamacare The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was introduced as a bill in 2009 during 111th Congress session and passed on November 7, 2009. John Dingell of Michigan, who was also the House Dean, sponsored the bill. President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law on March 31, 2010 (Tate, 2012). The ACA is aimed expanding insurance access to approximately 32 million uninsured Americans, emphasizing prevention and wellness, increasing consumer protections, improving quality and system performance, increasing the workforce in health care and curbing escalating cost of health ca re in the United States (Tate, 2012). The individual mandate, which is a major component of the ACA, is perceived by many to be unconstitutional. The individual mandate of the ACA â€Å"requires millions of Americans to purchase health insurance from a private company for the rest of their lives or face annual penalties† (Sekulow, 2012, Para 10). ... The Constitution of the United States protects the liberty of the citizens (Benedict, 2006). Historically, the ACA presents the very first incident where the U.S Congress mandated American citizens to buy a private company product. According to Sekulow (2012), under the Commerce Clause, the Congress has no jurisdiction to compel any individual to purchase any product from a private company. Therefore, the mandated ACA has raised issues of â€Å"federalism† because the provisions of the Act are deemed unconstitutional. The Main Pros and Cons of Obamacare Despite the fact that the Obamacare has been under intense criticism, it comes with numerous benefits, particularly for low and middle income earners. However, it also has some cons, but these should not be the cause for its rejection as it was purely made out of good intent for Americans. Pros of Obamacare Increased accessibility to affordable health care insurance to millions of uninsured Americans More than half of uninsured individuals will obtain free or low cost health insurance via state Health Insurance Marketplace. Expansion of CHIP to cover a maximum of 9 million children Expansion of Medicaid to 15.9 million females, males and children who are 138 percent below poverty line Small businesses stand the chance benefit from tax credits of up to 50 percent of health insurance costs on their employees Obamacare curbs high cost of health care Cons of Obamacare Making insurance available and affordable to millions of uninsured individuals involves increase in taxes, especially for high-income earners. Individual mandate demands that every American must obtain health coverage by January 2014. The expansion of Medicaid is done using Federal

Politics in turkey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politics in turkey - Research Paper Example Turkey is a parliamentary democracy with 551 seats from 81 provinces. The secular democratic process of the nation was evolved from the war of independence, led by Mustafa Kemal. After the disintegration of Ottoman Empire, the modern nation of Turkey was born in 1924 (kwintessential). Mustafa was popularly known as Ataturk or ‘the father of the nation’. He has been the most popular and influential leader of Turkey who had brought the country on the world map and had laid the foundation of secular democracy of the modern Turkey. He was also the founder member of Republic People’s Party, the first political party of independent Turkey. Democratic process is renowned for its freedom of expression and the power of the people. Turkey too has undergone tremendous upheavals and seen frequent leadership changes since its inception in 1924 but the basic democratic foundation has remained intact against the so called rigid Islamic religiosity. Democratic Party, Republic People’s Party and Justice Party were three major parties that have been in the forefront of Turkish politics. The two military coups of 1960 and 1980 have had short span with elections that had reinstated democratic rule. The ‘harsh restrictions imposed on political rights by military interventions’ are still visible (countryside) but the subsequent democratic governments have diluted their effects. The election of 1983 saw the emergence of new political party by the name of Motherland party under the dynamic leadership of Turgut Ozal who was an economist in the World Bank. Turgut Ozal brought in economic reforms through radically liberal economic policies. Under his reign, turkey was transformed from the small relatively conservative state to modern republic with investment coming from across the globe and making it one of the most attractive venues for investment.

Examination and clarification of bioluminescence in marine creatures

Examination and clarification of bioluminescence in marine creatures In order to isolate bioluminescent bacteria from marine samples, one must have a better understanding of the phenomena of bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is a type of luminescence. The light that usually occurs at low temperatures is called luminesence [1]. Chemiluminescence, fluorescence is all the other types of luminescence and should not be confused with bioluminescence. As the result of a given reaction, emission of heat and light takes place, this phenomenon is referred to as chemiluminescence or in other words, chemiluminescence refers to the emission of light in an exergonic reaction. For example, if two reactants namely A and B react, it results in the formation of product, with an excited intermediate C and generation of light. [A] + [B] → [C] → [Products] +  light This is how a chemical reaction takes place [1]. When a substance that has absorbed light or any other radiation of different wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, an emission of light takes place by that substance, this is referred to as fluorescence.  In most cases, emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed radiation which has a higher energy [1]. In simple language, bioluminescence is the emission of light from living organisms. One can also describe bioluminescence as chemiluminescence in living organisms. Further clarifications regarding the types of luminescence can be carried out with the help of an experiment that involves the use of glow or light sticks. A solution of luminol in DMSO, sodium hydroxide pellets, an aqueous solution of fluorescent dye and test tubes. Luminol is a versatile chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a striking blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent [1] [2]. Glow sticks are used to demonstrate the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. The glow sticks contain two chemicals that are mixed when the glass tube on the inside is broken. This initiates a chemical reaction that gives off light. Higher the reaction temperature, faster is the reaction, and more intense the chemiluminescence. Reaction rates increase about two times for every 10 °C rise in temperature [2]. The luminol experiment demonstrates chemiluminescence and fluorescence. Luminol is oxidized (with molecular oxygen) in the presence of sodium hydroxide pellets. On shaking the test tube (containing luminol and sodium hydroxide pellets), oxygen is introduced into the solution. Hence chemiluminescence stops when the test tube is set aside [2]. When a fluorescent dye is added to the solution, the dye absorbs the light emitted by the luminol and re-emits light at a longer wavelength, changing the color, thus explaining the phenomena of fluorescence [2]. Bioluminescence is the emission of light observed in living organisms. Apart from bioluminescence, there are two other kinds of light emission that may take place from a living organism. These include: (I)Photosynthetic delayed light emission:. It is a weak red light which is emitted by all green plants and algae. This intensity is so low that one cannot see it, though it can be measured [3]. (II)Ultraweak light emission: this occurs in all organisms. It is due to various processes, mostly (but not always) involving molecular oxygen. It is regarded as a by-effect of metabolic activity, but doesnt have a biological function. It cannot be seen [3]. 2. Bioluminescence This is the best known biological luminescence phenomena, mostly because it can be observed using ones eyes only. The bioluminescence occurs among a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria, dinoflagellates, protozoa, sponges, mollusks, echinoderms, insects and fish. The majority of bioluminescent species live in the sea, although there are also many terrestrial bioluminescent insects, especially the beetles. It has been estimated that 60-80% of the fishes in the deep sea are bioluminescent [3]. (i) jellyfish (ii) lightfish (iii) fungi (iv) beetle Fig 2.1: The above pictures show bioluminescence in variety of organisms. The bioluminescent bacteria mainly falls under three genera namely   Photobacterium, Vibrio, and  Photorhabdus. Species within the genus Photobacterium and Vibrio generally exist in marine environment whereas the terrestrial species belong to the genus Photorhabdus. Species within the  Photobacterium  genus are generally light organ symbionts of marine animals, whereas the  Vibrio species exist as free-living forms as well as symbionts in the sea [4].The luminescence of these microorganisms should not be confused with the host organisms. Many fish and molluscs species which have been regarded as bioluminescent organisms have been shown to glow by the light of symbiotic bacteria [3]. The bacteria forms a symbiotic relationship with the host organism as it is provided with a nutrient rich environment for its growth and the host organism has the benefit of camouflage and protection from its predator. Some of the bioluminescent bacteria are obligate symbionts that fulfill their nutritional requirements only from the host, hence they cannot be grown in the laboratory as they cannot be separated from the host organism [4]. Apart from sharing a symbiotic relationship with the host organisms, some of the bioluminescent bacteria are also parasitic in nature, for example, the species in the genus Photobacterium and Vibrio infect the male crustaceans whereas the species in Photorhabdus genus infect terrestrial insects such as caterpillars with nematodes acting as an intermediate host for the bacteria. Majority of the bioluminescent bacteria present on the surface of the marine organisms act as non-specific parasites. The bacterium that resides in the guts of some marine organisms such as crustaceans produces chitinase (an enzyme) that facilitates the decomposition of chitin which is present in their exoskeleton. The different species of bioluminescent bacteria differ from each other in a number of properties including the optimal growing conditions i.e. the nutritional requirements and optimal growth temperature, and the reaction kinetics of the enzyme luciferase involved in light generation. However, the morphology of all bioluminescent bacteria is the same i.e. they are rod-shaped, gram-negative microorganisms with flagella facilitating motion. Bioluminescent bacteria are also capable of growth when the supply of molecular oxygen is limited; therefore they are also examples of facultative anaerobes. Despite the physiological diversity among different species of bioluminescent bacteria, all these microorganisms utilize highly homologous biochemical machineries to produce light. The onset and the energy output of this light-producing molecular machinery are tightly regulated under a central signaling pathway [4]. 2.1 Bioluminescence by squids: Light-emission by most of the marine organisms belongs in the blue and green  light spectrum.This is due to two reasons, firstly because the blue-green light (wavelength around 470 nm) transmits farthest in water, and secondly because most of the organisms are sensitive only to blue light, lacking pigments for the visualization of longer or shorter wavelengths[1]. Squid changes the color of the light emitted i.e. either blue or green light depending on its surrounding temperature. In case of squids, it produces green light when swimming in warm water and blue light in cold water [5]. During the day, the squid resides in the deep waters rather than on surface waters. The sunlight that falls on the deep waters has been filtered with only blue light remaining. The squid matches this color by turning on its blue photophores (photophores are light producing tissues). During the night, the squid is present on the shallow water. The moonlight at shallow depths has not been filtered to a greater extent, as a result both blue and green light remains. The squid matches this color by turning on both of its green and blue photophores [5]. Fig 2.1.1: The picture shows squids bioluminescence [5] 2.2 Advantages of Bioluminescence: There are four main advantages attributed to bioluminescence: Camouflage, attraction, repulsion, and communication. Camouflage Some squids by using the phenomena of bioluminescence defend themselves against predators by producing light (a soft glow) on their ventral surface to match the light coming from above and making their presence indetectable to the potential predators(just as a darker dorsal surface makes aquatic organisms difficult to detect from above. Some can also change the color of their luminescence to match moonlight or sunlight. This is referred to as counterillumination [1]. Attraction Bioluminescence is also used as to attract prey by several deep sea fish, such as the anglerfish. A dangling appendage or a light-emitting rod that extends from the head of the fish that carries the bioluminescent bacteria attracts small animals to the front of its mouth. Fig 2.2.1: Anglerfish lures its prey by using bioluminescence [4]. The cookie cutter shark also uses bioluminescence for luring its prey. A small patch on its underbelly remains dark and tends to appear as a small fish to large predatory fish like tuna. When these fish such as tuna try to consume the small fish, they themselves become prey for the the shark. Dinoflagellates have an interesting twist on this mechanism. When a predator of plankton is sensed through motion in the water, the dinoflagellate luminesces. This in turn attracts even larger predators, which then consume the would-be predator of the dinoflagellate. The attraction of mates in fireflies during the mating season is another proposed mechanism of bioluminescent action. This is done by periodic flashing in their abdomens to attract the potential mates [1]. Repulsion Certain small crustaceans also use bioluminescent chemical mixtures. A cloud of luminescence is emitted, which confuses and then repels a potential predator while the crustacean escapes to safety. This is also shown in some squids [1]. Communication Bioluminescence also plays a direct role in communication between bacteria. It promotes the symbiotic induction of bacteria into host species, and sometimes also plays a role in colony aggregation [1]. 2.3 Biochemistry of the Bioluminescence Reaction As mentioned earlier, bioluminescence is defined as emission of light by living organisms arising from exothermic or exergonic chemical reactions. It is due to the substrate-enzyme complex of luciferin-luciferase within the cytoplasm of the cell. Luciferin refers to any light-emitting compound whereas luciferase is an enzyme. The luciferin-luciferase complex differs among species. In 1887, a scientist named Raphaà «l Dubois isolated light producing chemicals from the piddock, which is a clam that stays in the burrow. He discovered that on placing the clam in cold water, light was seen in the water, that glowed for several minutes, indicating that a light producing chemical was extracted from the clams tissues. He also observed that if he made a hot-water extract from another clam and added this to the original cold-water extract, he could reactivate the light reaction. Dubois called his hot-water extract luciferin and the cold-water extract luciferase. The reaction produces a molecule that is in an electronically excited state. After the molecule gives off energy, it goes back to the ground state and a photon of light is released [2]. Bacterial luciferase is the main enzyme that is used in the phenomena of bioluminescence. Apart from the involvement of luciferase, there are certain other enzymes that supply and regenerate the substrates of luciferase. In bacteria the expression of the genes related to bioluminescence are encoded by an operon called the lux operon.  The lux operon is a 9 kilobase fragment that controls bioluminescence through the catalyzation of the enzyme luciferase. The lux operon has a known gene sequence of luxCDAB(F)E, where lux A and lux B code for the components of luciferase, and the lux CDE codes for a fatty acid reductase complex that makes the fatty acids necessary for the luciferase mechanism. Lux C codes for the enzyme acyl-reductase, lux D codes for acyl-transferase, and lux E makes the proteins needed for the enzyme acyl-protein synthetase. Apart from these genes, there are two more genes namely luxR and luxI that play an important role in the regulation of the operon [1]. Other ge nes including  luxF,  luxG, and  luxH, whose functions are neither clearly defined nor apparently necessary for bioluminescence are also found in some  lux  operons [4]. Fig 2.3.1The arrangement of luxCDABE operon [4] Luciferase is a heterodimer consisting of two different polypeptide chains- alpha and beta (molecular mass 40 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively, and encoded by the  luxA andluxB genes, respectively). The active site is located within the alpha-beta subunit. Absence of beta subunit leads to light emission of a weaker intensity. Studies have shown that the crystal structure of V. harveyi luciferase interacts and forms complex binding patterns between several side chains and backbone amides of the alpha and beta subunits. Studies also reveal that the function of the beta subunit is to act as a supporting scaffold by assisting in the conformational change of the subunit during the catalysis [4]. Fig 2.3.2: Bacterial luciferase structure [4]. Fig 2.3.3: The rectangular box highlights the inter-subunit interactions (ionic attractions, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions) that play an important role in the assembly of bacterial luciferase enzyme [4]. Bacterial luciferase uses reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2), molecular oxygen, and long chain fatty aldehyde as substrates. During the reaction, the oxidation of FMNH2  and aldehyde concomitant takes place along with the reduction of molecular oxygen and emission of energy, which is released as blue/green light ( MAX~ 490 nm). The energy level of the photon that was produced when the excited electron on the flavin chromophore returns to the ground state is indicated by the characteristic color. Studies have shown that point mutations at the flavin chromophores binding site brings about a change in the color emission spectrum of bacterial bioluminescence, indicating that the distinctive emission color depends not only on the chromophore, but also on the electronic nature of the chromophore-binding microenvironment in luciferase. Aside from bacterial luciferase, some luminescent bacteria also carry fluorescent proteins to; distinguish themselves from other strains by modulating the emission color [4]. For continuous light emission, constant supply of the substrates should be maintained by the enzymes coded by the Lux operon. In addition to bacterial bioluminescence, all the other biological luminescence systems (such as fireflies, coelenterates and dinoflagellates) also utilize molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent in their luminescence biochemistry, and the processes involved in the reduction of the molecular oxygen serves as an energy sink, draining the reducing power of the substrates. High energy unstable intermediates are formed that dissipate the potential energy of the excited chromophore in the form of light. In this regard, molecular oxygen can be considered to serve as a key to unleash the energy deposited in FMNH2  and fatty aldehyde for bacterial bioluminescence [4].   Fig 2.3.4: The pathway [4] For example, in case of fireflies luciferin reacts with oxygen, with luciferase acting as an enzyme aided by cofactors such as calcium ions, thus emitting light. 2.4 Quorum sensing: The definition of quorum sensing states that it is a type of decision making process used by decentralized groups to coordinate behavior [1]. From the biological aspect, there are many species of bacteria such as Vibrio fischeri, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeroginosa that use quorum sensing to coordinate their gene expression according to the local density of their population. It was first discovered in Vibrio fischeri [1]. Since Vibrio fischeri uses quorum sensing, it constantly produces signaling molecules called as autoinducers. These bacteria have a receptor that recognizes these signaling molecules. When the autoinducers bind to these receptors, it results in the transcription of certain genes, including those for inducer synthesis. There are less chances of the bacterium recognizing its own signaling molecules, hence for the activation of gene transcription, the cell must also encounter signaling molecules from the local environment. Autoinducers and inducers are interchangeably used. If there is less number of same types of bacteria present in the local environment, then the concentration of the inducer decreases to zero thus inactivating the gene transcription. But if the population of the bacteria increases, the concentration of the autoinducers increases, thereby resulting in the activation of gene transcription, thus causing bioluminescence. Therfore, quorum sensing plays a very important rol e in the regulation of luxCDAB(F)E expression in bioluminescent bacteria [1] [4] . Fig 2.4.1: Chemical structure of the autoinducers of bioluminescent bacteria [4] The autoinducer is a metabolic product that diffuses easily across the cellular membrane [4]. Fig 2.4.2: The fig. shows the role played by an autoinducer in the mechanism of quorum sensing [4]. Marine bioluminescent bacteria that is not present as a symbiont (free living bacteria) does not emit light. This is because for the emission of light, accumulation of autoinducers is necessary and this is possible only in a nutrient rich environment which is provided to the symbiotic bacteria [4]. 2.5 Applications of bioluminescence: One of the major applications of bioluminescence is the development of biosensors. A biosensor is a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. Some bacteria have been designed that gives off a detectable signal when in presence of a pollutant (e.g. toluene) that it likes to consume [6]. In terms of using the phenomena of bioluminescence, efforts are being made to engineer agricultural plants that show luminescence when need watering [1]. As the primary function of bacterial luciferase is to catalyze the emission of light, this feature together with generation of the aldehyde substrate by fatty acid reductase can be successfully produced in other bacteria, by the transfer of the  luxCDABE genes, which convert nonluminescent bacteria into light emitters [4]. Fig 2.5.1: The insertion of the foreign  luxCDABE structural genes into the organism such as E. coli confers the organism the ability to emit light [4]. The ability of the non-luminescent bacteria to emit light by means of recombinant DNA technology has provided researchers an easy alternative to measure and detect the growth and living conditions of bacteria. The phenomena of bacterial bioluminescence are used in the detection of pathogenic bacteria in human food sources. By culturing a food sample in the presence of a recombinant bacteriophage (vector) carrying the  luxCDABE insert, one can readily determine the contamination by bacteria in the food source. In addition, the light emitting property of the  luxCDABE genes has been employed as a reporter of gene expression for studying regulatory controls involved in affecting the efficiency of RNA polymerase in initiation and transcription at different promoters. Then the  luxCDABE genes are under the control of an environmentally regulated promoter (e.g., promoters whose efficiency is highly sensitive to the level of mercury, arsenic, or other pollutants), the structural  lu x genes can function as a biosensor, whose expression will monitor the presence of toxic waste in the environment. In the pharmaceutical industry, genetically modified bacteria carrying the lux genes have been utilized to evaluate the efficiency of antibiotics in fighting against bacterial infections in mammals; with animals such as mice, pigs, and monkeys serving as potential human models. In this screening procedure, the lesser the intensity of luminescence in the infected organs/tissues, the more efficient the antibiotics against bacterial infection; therefore, bacterial bioluminescence serves as an indicator of bacterial growth allowing the proper dosages of antibiotics to be determined and effective treatment to be established [4].   3. Laboratory Experiment 3.1 Sample Collection: After the literature study, it was decided that squid will serve as a sample for this experiment as it is readily available in the U.A.E. fish market. A fresh catch was taken as a sample for this experiment. Since some of these microbes i.e. bioluminescent bacteria are also found in seawater, seawater sample from Sharjah was also collected for this experiment. 3.2 Methodology for the isolation of bioluminescent bacteria from squid: Materials Required: Squid Luminescent Broth (Appendix 1) Luminescent Agar (BOSS Medium) (pH=7.3) (Appendix 2) Procedure: 1. The squid is placed in a beaker and just enough 3.0% NaCl solution is added such that approximately 10-20% of the sample is above the level of the liquid as shown in fig 3.2.1. The NaCl solution preserves the squid by preventing any other microbial growth other than that of bioluminescent bacteria, as required. Fig 3.2.1: Squid placed in a beaker containing NaCl solution. 2. The flask is then kept for incubation in a cool dark room (18-22 °C) and is observed at intervals up to 24 hours. The room is darkened totally such that the flask can be observed for luminous areas on the sample. Sometimes the squid secretes ink that might hinder the view of luminous areas on the squid. In order to prevent this, the NaCl solution is changed when required. 3. Four petriplates of Luminescent Agar (formula above) are streaked from four different luminous areas on the squid. Forceps and craft knife are required and it is used one at a time in the burner for its sterilization. The knife and forceps are then cooled for a while. Squid is held with the forceps and its skin is gently scraped of that shows luminescence with the tip of the knife. The scraped off skin is transferred on to a sterile inoculating loop for streaking on the plates. 4. The plates are then kept for incubation in the cool room (18-22 °C) for 24 hours. (No more than 48 hours.) 5. After observing luminous isolated colonies, these isolated colonies are individually streaked on to a new plate of Luminescent Agar and incubated as above. Fig 3.2.2: Streaked petriplates 6. One or more of the more brilliant colonies is then chosen and streaked onto a slant of Luminescent Agar. The agar slants are incubated overnight or until luminescent growth is seen and then refrigerated. 7. From the agar slants, flasks of Luminescent Broth are inoculated. The flasks are then placed in the shaking incubator for 10-15 hrs at 18-22 °C. [8] The flasks that show bioluminesence is then used for studying the growth curves and characterization of the bioluminescent bacteria. Result and Inference: No luminous colonies were observed from the squid on the first attempt, even though the squid did show luminous areas on its body surface. The failure can be attributed to the fact that streaking was not carried out on the same day it showed luminescence. However, on the second attempt, out of the four petriplates that were streaked with the skin of the squid, only one petriplate showed six luminous colonies. Fig 3.1.3: The above pictures are a reference as to how colonies appear when placed in light (left picture) and dark (right picture) [10]. The colonies that appeared during the course of my experiment (only six in number) were not so densely populated as observed in the pictures above. These six colonies were then streaked on six different petriplates containing Luminescent Agar. The picture below shows bioluminescence in the streaked petriplates. Fig 3.2.4: The picture below shows bioluminescence in the streaked petriplates. The agar slants were also prepared from the petriplates. The six flasks containing Luminescent Broth were then inoculated with culture from the agar slants. The flasks were then kept in the shaking incubator for 18-24 hrs. at room temperature. Out of the six flasks containing Luminescent Broth, only three flasks showed microbial growth. The bacterial cultures were then used for growth curves. 3.3 Methodology for the isolation of bioluminescent bacteria from seawater sample: Materials Required: Seawater sample was collected from Sharjah. Seawater Complete Agar (Appendix 3) Procedure: 1. Seawater sample is collected in a clean container 2. Two plates of SWC agar medium were then prepared. 3. The two plates were then pipetted with 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml of seawater sample respectively. 4. The samples were thoroughly spread over the surfaces of the plates with a L-shaped glass rod. 5. The plates are then inverted after the samples have absorbed into the agar (about 5 minutes) and then kept for incubation at room temperature. 6. The plates were then examined after 18-36 hours. [7] Result and Inference: The plates did not show any luminous growth. This maybe because the sample that was collected was not from deep water as bioluminescent bacteria tends to be present in deep waters. Since no growth was observed, further steps involving the preparation and inoculation of agar slants and luminescent broth could not be carried out. 3.4 Bacterial Growth curve of the isolates: Out of the six flasks that contained Luminescent Broth, only three flasks showed microbial growth. The three flasks that showed microbial growth were then again inoculated into three flasks containing luminescent broth. Their O.D. (optical density) values were measured after every 30 minutes (for 5 hrs) at 530 nm using UV-visible spectrophotometer. The initial O.D. value should be set at 0.05 so that there is sufficient bacterial culture in the broth. The values then helped us in determining the bacterial growth curves. Fig 3.4.1: UV-visible spectrophotometer [11] Procedure: 1. The machine along with the monitor screen is turned on using the switch. 2. The necessary adjustments are then made in the program. 3. For auto zeroing the sample, the blank (broth in which are bacteria is growing) is placed in the cuvette. The cuvette is then placed in the holder. 4. The O.D. values of all the three samples are measured after every 30 minutes for 5 hrs. 5. The optical density vs. time graph is then plotted for all the three samples. Observation Table: Table 3.4.1: Sample 1 Time (in hrs.) O.D. values 0 0.08 0.5 0.09 1 0.12 1.5 0.16 2 0.21 2.5 0.28 3 0.38 3.5 0.5 4 0.71 4.5 0.99 5 1.14 5.5 1.41 Table 3.4.2: Sample 2 Time (in hrs.) O.D. values 0 0.05 0.5 0.06 1 0.08 1.5 0.12 2 0.16 2.5 0.21 3 0.25 3.5 0.38 4 0.44 4.5 0.48 Table 3.4.3: Sample 3 Time (in hrs.) O.D.values 0 0.13 0.5 0.15 1 0.18 1.5 0.23 2 0.3 2.5 0.38 3 0.53 3.5 0.71 4 1.04 4.5 1.16 5 1.37 Result and Inference: Graph 3.4.1: Bacterial growth curve of sample 1 Graph 3.4.2: Bacterial growth curve of sample 2 Graph 3.4.3: Bacterial growth curve of sample 3 The bacterial growth curves of all the three samples suggest that the cultures are still in their exponential phase. The 0.D .values should be measured for a much longer duration so that the stationary and the death phases can also be observed. The broth was kept overnight in the shaking incubator at 18-22 °C. Next morning, only one of the samples showed bioluminescence indicating that the bacterial culture has grown to that level when the lux genes are switched on. Fig 3.4.2: The picture is a reference as to how a flask containing Luminescent Broth shows luminescent growth [6]. The bioluminescence that was observed during my experiment was of low intensity. 3.5 Luminescence (light emission intensity) curve studies on the isolates: For the growth curve studies, agar slants were used to streak on to the petriplates, for the isolation of bioluminescent bacteria. The same set of agar slants were used to revive the culture. The revived culture was then streaked on to the luminescent agar petriplates to study the luminescence curve. However, contamination was observed in the petriplates, even though luminescent colonies were formed. Majority of the colonies that were formed were circular in shape and opaque with a dense material in the centre. Some of the colonies were circular and translucent. These colonies were then again used for sub-culturing. Contamination was again observed in the petriplates. This might be attributed to some error in the methodology of streaking the petriplates. Finally, after five attempts, successful isolation of bioluminescent bacteria took place. These bacteria were then inoculated in the flasks containing luminescent broth. After an over night incubation, these flasks showed bioluminesc ence. These samples were then taken for measuring their light emission studies with the help of an autoanalyser. The luminescence is measured after every one hour. It is measured in terms of counts per second (cps). Meanwhile, the samples are kept in the shaking incubator. Fig 3.5.1: Perkin-Elmer Auto-analyzer [12] Procedure: 1. The machine along with the monitor screen is turned on using the switch. 2. The luminescence mode is then chosen. 3. The wells in the microtitre plate containing the sample are then chosen in the protocol editor. 4. The program is then started. 5. The luminescence of all the three samples is measured after every 1hour. 5. The optical density, luminescence vs. time graph is then plotted for all the three samples. Observation Table: Table 3.5.1: Bacterial Sample 1 Time (hrs.) Cell Density(O.D.) Light emission Intensity (cpu) 0 0.0785 0.5 0.0926 1 0.1189 1.5 0.155 2 0.2139 2.5 0.2826 3

Hackers :: essays research papers fc

Hacking: "Slang word for a computer enthusiast. One who breaks into the computer system of a company or government." 1 Most hackers break into computers not to wreak havoc, but simply to explore and share information with one another. A small minority, however, do wish to create mischief. These individuals are the ones who have the public fearing hackers. They are genuinely responsible for the Media calling hackers criminals. These individuals and gangs purposely break into computers for personal financial gain, or to turn your six thousand dollar state of the art computer into a six thousand dollar paperweight. A hacker via RoadRunner can easily glide into an unprotected PC.2 There; they can potentially get credit card numbers and other valuable goodies. â€Å"Instead of thinking 'criminal' or 'vandal' when hearing the word hacker, we want the public to think of 'knowledge seekers' and 'curious wanderers'.† 3 â€Å"Destruction and unethical ignorance has plagued the underground too long, let's bring back the old school ways of creation and system penetrating for the knowledge that it is holding, not for the destruction of that knowledge nor the possessors of it.† 3 -www.hackers.com A stereotype that is casually applied to a hacker, is that they are geeks, doofs and nerds. They have few or no friends and spend the majority of their time in front of their computers. In actuality a hacker could be a CEO of a multinational, or the person sitting next to you on the subway. Obviously there are some things all hackers have in common. All are able to do advanced calculations in math, are well versed in computer languages, and have a good grasp of their Native language. They must have a state of the art computer that they know inside and out. They also have access to, or knowledge of secret codes and computer languages. Hackers have many tools in their â€Å"toolbox† for breaking into computers. An example of this is a Password Sniffer. This is a program, which is secretly hidden on a network. The sniffer is programmed to record, in a secret file, logos and passwords. In the span of a week, these tiny, planted programs can record hundreds of user names and code words and their associated passwords. This information is then sent back to the hacker. Last year an advisory from Carnegie Mellon University's Computer Emergency Response Team warned that, because of a rash of sniffing attacks, tens of thousands of passwords had been stolen and were presumed to be compromised.

Case StudyCredit Essay

Introduction In the case study honesty testing at the Carter Cleaning Company, there are issues of theft. They find themselves struggling with the processes of screening for honest hardworking employees. The owners, Jennifer and her father, are looking for a way to minimize the employee turnover and more so is theft prone. Questions and Answers to the Questions What would be the advantages and disadvantages to Jennifer’s company of routinely administering honesty tests to all its employees? According to Dessler (2008), some advantages are that honesty tests are â€Å"designed to predict job applicants’ proneness to dishonesty and other forms counterproductivity. Most of the tests measure attitudes regarding things like tolerance of others who steal, acceptance of rationalizations for theft, and admission of theft-related activities (p. 236).† These types of test prove to have minimal legal risk to employers (p.237). Specifically, what other screening techniques could the company use to screen out theft-prone and turnover-prone employees, and how exactly could these be used? Dessler mentions the use of background checks such as verifying a potential candidate’s former employer is a way to clear a candidate by knowing about their work ethics. Another way would be through credit reports. These types of reports show a potential candidate’s â€Å"credit standing, indebtedness, reputation, character, and lifestyles (p. 230).† How should her company terminate employees caught stealing, and what kind of procedure should be set up for handling reference calls about these employees when they go to other companies looking for jobs? Employees should be terminated immediately. In order to help other companies, there should be a procedure such as writing everything down or making notes in the employee’s folder for all future references. Future  employees would be advised of such procedure during the interviewing process. Fine (2013) states â€Å"Once the right test has been chosen, and with the organization’s objectives still in mind, the next step is to strategically position the test within the recruitment process for maximal effectiveness (p. 42).† Summary As seen in the case of the Carter Cleaning Company, employee turnover is a problem. In order to minimize such problems there needs to be an effective hiring procedure. Dessler speaks of antitheft screening procedure. They are asking direct question during face-to-face interviews, listen to applicant and do less talking (this will allow the applicant to speak freely and through this they may speak more truthfully), do a credit check, check all employment and personal references, use paper-and-pencil honesty tests and psychological tests, test for drugs, and establish a search-and-seizure policy and conduct searches (p. 237). Reference Dessler, G. (2008). Human Resource Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. Fine, S. (2013). Practical Guidelines for Implementing Preemployment Integrity Tests. Public Personnel Management, 42(2), 281-292. doi:10.1177/0091026013487049. Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & de Vries, R. E. (2005). Predicting Workplace Delinquency and Integrity with the HEXACO and Five-Factor Models of Personality Structure. Human Performance, 18(2), 179-197. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1802_4.

Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction

Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction Scientists across several disciplines, including geology, biology, and evolutionary biology, have determined that there have been five major mass extinction events throughout the history of life on Earth. For an event to be considered a major mass extinction, more than half of all known life forms in that time period must have been wiped out. Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction Probably the best-known mass extinction event took out all the dinosaurs on Earth. This was the fifth mass extinction event, called the Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction, or K-T Extinction for short. Although the Permian Mass Extinction, also known as the Great Dying, was much larger in the number of species that went extinct, the K-T Extinction is the one most people remember because of public fascination with dinosaurs. The K-T Extinction divides the Cretaceous Period, which ended the Mesozoic Era, and the Tertiary Period at the start of the Cenozoic Era, which we currently live in. The K-T Extinction happened around 65 million years ago, taking out an estimated 75% of all living species on Earth at the time. Many people know that land dinosaurs were casualties of this major mass extinction event, but numerous other species of birds, mammals, fish, mollusks, pterosaurs, and plesiosaurs, among other groups of animals, also went extinct. Asteroid Impacts The main cause of the K-T Extinction is well documented: an unusually high number of extremely large asteroid impacts. Evidence can be seen in various parts of the world in layers of rock that can be dated to this time period. These rock layers have unusually high levels of iridium, an element not found in large amounts in the Earths crust but is very common in space debris such as asteroids, comets, and meteors. This universal layer of rock has come to be known as the K-T boundary. By the Cretaceous Period, the continents had drifted apart from when they were one supercontinent called Pangaea in the early Mesozoic Era. The fact that the K-T boundary can be found on different continents indicates the K-T Mass Extinction was global and happened quickly. Impact Winter The impacts werent directly responsible for the extinction of three-quarters of the Earths species, but their residual effects were devastating. Perhaps the biggest issue caused by the asteroids hitting Earth is termed impact winter. The extreme size of the space debris vaulted ash, dust, and other matter into the atmosphere, essentially blocking out the Sun for long periods of time. Plants, no longer able to undergo photosynthesis, began to die off, leaving animals with no food, so they starved to death. Its also thought that oxygen levels declined due to the lack of photosynthesis. The disappearance of food and oxygen affected the largest animals, including land dinosaurs, the most. Smaller animals could store food and needed less oxygen; they survived and thrived once the danger passed. Other major catastrophes caused by the impacts included tsunamis, earthquakes, and possibly increased volcanic activity, yielding the devastating results of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction event. Silver Lining?   As horrific as they must have been, mass extinction events were not all bad news for those that survived. The extinction of the large, dominant land dinosaurs allowed smaller animals to survive and thrive. New species emerged and took on new niches, driving the evolution of life on Earth and shaping the future of natural selection on various populations. The end of the dinosaurs particularly benefited mammals, whose ascendance led to the rise of humans and other species on Earth today. Some scientists believe that in the early 21st century, we are in the middle of the sixth major mass extinction event. Because these events often span millions of years, its possible that the climate changes and Earth changes- physical changes to the planet- that we are experiencing will trigger the extinction of several species and in the future will be seen as a mass extinction event. Sources K-T Extinction: Mass Extinction. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event. ScienceDaily.com.Why Did the Dinosaurs Go Extinct? National Geographic.

Pro cloning essays

Pro cloning essays Ever since the duplication of Dolly, an adult sheep, the entire idea has become an extremely controversial debate, containing religious, ethical, and legal issues. Adoring the dispute, the media has portrayed only the disadvantages and "cruelties" of cloning. However, if deeper research and perception is "put to work", you will soon discover that this process can and will amplify society, advance our technology, and perhaps even salvage our diminishing Earth. There's no doubt that children enhance civilization, bring delight and fulfillment, and are spontaneous and creative. For some, they are the precious bond that holds families together, for others they are a source of frustration; nevertheless, we are lovable. Yet what of a couple that cannot reproduce? Should the government deprive them of such a wonderful gift that was meant for all? Of course, adoption is an option, but you wouldn't feel the same compassion that you would toward your own biological child, because they are your own flesh and blood. The clone would not be a "carbon copy", as some pessimists like to believe, but rather a "delayed identical twin". To believe otherwise is to accept the theory of genetic determinism, which has been proven incorrect by biologists as they increase their knowledge of genes by further examination. Your genes only play a very simple role, perhaps your eye color and height; the environmental factor however, has an immense influence on our pe rsonality, so the clone would be an individual, and not an automaton. Afflictions have affected much of our population, and for most diseases, we have no antidote. Say that you needed a bone marrow transplant, without it, you'd die, and there are no donors available. Why not extract some of your cells and create a clone? As Cassie brought out in our discussion group, "it's just like abortion. If there's a doctor willing to perform the operation, then what's stopping them? Many groups are protestin...

The Coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire - Essay Example This is due to his great skill during wars and his help during the French revolution. He also contributed to imperial democracy which was widespread in Europe during the French revolution. Since his childhood, he trained and served as an artillery officer in France. Born of a noble Italian, he became famous too fast that he was soon included in the French army. To his success, he led to the success of an invasion in the Italian peninsula. After his leadership and military tactics, he became staged leading to his name as the First Consul. He staged a coup d'etat in 1799 but it did not work in the overthrow of the then present government (Bader 25). Napoleon also led the French to Napoleonic wars in the 19th century. The wars involved all the major leaders and states in Europe. The war took long but in most of the cases, Napoleon helped his army to conquer new states. In his wars, Napoleon worn most of the wars in Europe through improvising on war strategies while were advanced as comp ared to his enemies. Through his wars and victories, he was able to maintain the French as a sphere of influence. Formation of alliances with allies during the wars helped increase his manpower that served the army. Invasion of Russia in 1812 and the peninsular war marked Napoleon’s turning points fortunes and successes. During the Grande Armee, his reputation was badly damaged such that it was not recovered in future. He was later defeated by the Sixth Coalition in 1813. This consecutive attracts led to his exile to Elba. He then decided to get into war again but lost. This led to his return to power and war and was defeated in 1815 at the battle of Waterloo. He found out that he was not ready for most of the French wars due to his deterioration in war tactics. He decided to continue living in confinement at a British island named Saint Helena. After his failed war attempts he gave up and late died of a stomach cancer. However, this information was only available he royal me mbers. Some of scholars and researchers speculate that he was targeted by his enemies in war and was issued with arsenic poison to help terminate his life and leadership in the French military. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire It was a first French consul that aided to terminate the French revolution. The coup was led by Napoleon Bonaparte since he has exposure to advances military and leadership tactics. He also had a great influence to the French where he was able to convince physically fit men to join the army. This led to the creation of a strong army that did not fear any enemy during wars. Some scholars argue that he had charismatic type of leadership style that helps him to obtain a large population of followers. Since he was bright and gifted in tactical situations, he was able to organize the coup of 18 Brumaire without knowledge of the other leaders on 9th November 1799 (Englund 22). The coup had several impacts such as overthrowing the Directory and r eplaced it with the French Consulate which was widespread at the moment. Karl Max in his studies was able to name the coup as the ‘Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon’ which was derived from the 1851 coup by the nephew of Napoleon. However, Napoleon had come up with other coups to come up with the Brumaire coup. General Jean Victor Marie Moreau was an ally to Napoleon and he helped in the coup (Englund 22). Coup of 18 Brumaire and its contributions to the general course of the French revolution The coup led to the crushing of the Directory. However,

Critical review of classmates' reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical review of classmates' reports - Essay Example There are two types of compassion that Dalai Lama discusses. One type of compassion is concerned with a sense of concern for other which only involves the sense of sentiments or feeling of concern. The other type of compassion is concerned with not only the sense of sentiment but also the responsibility to do something. The two types of compassion can be explained through an example of a businessman who has lost all his fortune through fraud. In the first type of compassion, a person only sympathizes with the businessman but in the second type of compassion, a compassionate person would help that person get back on productive business by giving him advice or material help. The second type of compassion should be included in virtue, deontological or utilitarian ethics as it promotes productive compassion. There are two types of competition discussed by Dalai Lama. The first type of competition is the one where a person competes in order to progress and reach the top level. This type of competition is positive. Another type of competition is negative where a person competes in order to become top be creating obstacle to the other people involved. For example, an employee can work hard and learn the loopholes of the company so that he is able to strategically work to deliver high quality results which will result in his promotion. This is positive competition. On the other hand, another employee may use schemes such as bad-mouthing and corruption in order to be promoted. It is very true that one is able to be very busy on one level and at the same time, on deeper level, be in a state "of composure and calmness." This is because the cognitive level can be very engaged in deep state of mind while the emotional state of mind remains very calm and composed. For example, I have experienced this state of composure and calmness in a working environment with